The article discusses in detail the issues related to the electric energy transmission through the electric PJSC Rosseti Lenenergo networks over the 2014 - 2021 operation period. The purpose of the article is defined as a study of the accident rate in the Company's electrical networks, for which a number of tasks to be considered are formulated. The results of annual reports on the number of failures in the Leningrad region and St. Petersburg electrical networks in 2014 - 2021, broken down by months, are used as source data. To approximate the series of emergency shutdowns, programming algorithms developed by the authors were used, which, through the technologies of the Matlab graphics editor, present the visualization of the studied characteristics. The structure of the electric networks on the Company's books, both in the Leningrad region and in St. Petersburg, is considered. The balance of electric energy for the period under study and the data on its losses during power transmission are analyzed. The assessment of the level of damage to electrical networks by events of stable and unstable failures was made. The principal causes of failures are classified, and their percentages related to the total number of failures across the Company's structural units is established. The relationship is established for the number of failures in particular months of the time period under study. The Company's plans of repair and restoration activities are considered, and the correlation coefficient concept is introduced, which establishes the relationship between the number of emergency shutdowns and the set of measures aimed at ensuring the reliability level for the uninterrupted functioning of electric power transmission facilities.

Reliable and economical operation of the equipment of thermal heat supply systems and boiler installations is an important and challenging task. High-quality water treatment directly affects the efficiency of boiler installations. The main stages of water treatment at thermal power plants are pretreatment, desalination and thermal deaeration — removal of aggressive gases that lead to corrosion of equipment. Currently, there are a significant number of manufacturing enterprises that are equipped with their own boiler plants. In boiler houses used for steam generation, as well as heating boilers serving heating system, water deaeration is a mandatory process. The article is dedicated to the development of a technology to make the boiler installations more economical and efficient due to additional heating of the return system water with deaerator flash steam. In this paper, the process of water deaeration is considered on the example of the boiler room of the AB InBev Efes brewery in Ulyanovsk, where the heating station is equipped with automation systems, and the regulation of steam supply for heating is carried out automatically depending on the temperature of the return system water. Due to the designed arrangement and depending on the amount of flash steam of the atmospheric deaerator, the return water of the heating system can be heated by 3 - 10°C. Besides, during periods of warm winters at the Ulyanovsk-based brewery of AB InBev Efes, with minimal loads of the boiler plant, heating of the return system water in the heat exchanger with the flash steam of the atmospheric deaerator may be used as the main or additional stage of heating.

The concept of implementation of smart thermal grids or 4th generation heat supply systems is a priority for the development of district heating systems in Russia and is to become the best available technology (BAT) for all new and reequipped energy systems. This will help to reduce inappropriate losses of thermal energy, reduce the accident rate of power systems, increase their energy efficiency and reliability, and simplify the integration of modern renewable energy sources (RES) into existing energy systems.

One of the key technologies needed to create such systems is the creation of digital twins of heating networks and simulation models of district heating systems. The paper describes the development of a digital twin for the section under consideration of the heat network. The developed experimental stand — a real physical model — was used as a section of the heating network. It was subjected to tests in order to determine the capabilities of systems for remote monitoring of heat carrier parameters, as well as modeling emergency situations in sections of the heating network. The experimental setup was also used for verification of the digital twin being developed. To create a digital model of the experimental stand authors used Matlab Simulink, ZuluThermo and SimInTech. The ZuluThermo program enables to create a digital twin that simulates stationary modes of the thermal system, Matlab Simulink and SimInTech — both stationary and dynamic processes occurring on sections of heating networks. The dynamic model of the heat supply system was used to simulate the process of mutual influence of heat energy consumers. As scenarios of dynamic processes, situations in Matlab Simulink and SimInTech that arise during the operation of automation at thermal points of consumers were simulated. It was shown the mutual influence of heat consumers on each other when regulating the heat load, as well as their influence on consumers who are unable to independently regulate their heat load.

The system for measuring the fractional composition of wet-steam flow in the last stage of the LPC of an experimental steam turbine is presented. Wet-steam flow is a superposition of two fractions: primary moisture (formed by steam condensation during steam expansion in the flow path) and secondary moisture (formed by descending and crushing of water films discharged from the surface of turbine guides and rotor blades in the process of surface condensation). Determination of process moisture parameters (droplet size distribution and volume concentration) is based on measurement of optical transparency of the wet-steam flow. Registration of sizes and velocity of secondary droplets is based on pulse photo registration of the flow. The measuring complex consists of two types of optical probes (for registration of primary and secondary moisture parameters), units of measuring equipment, control computers, software and auxiliary systems. Operation of the complex is controlled remotely from a control panel. The presented system has been used for more than 20 years at the model turbine stand of JSC "NPO CKTI". The present work is devoted to measurements on experimental turbine ETPN-5 of JSC "Power Machines". Probes were installed before and after the last stage to register the parameters of primary moisture, and a probe measuring the parameters of secondary moisture was installed in the rim clearance. Experimental data on the distribution of the droplet size and wetness of the primary moisture along the height of the channel before and after the last stage are obtained. The distributions of erosion-hazardous droplets by size, velocity and direction of movement in the rim clearance are presented.

Scientific approaches to the formation of digital technologies for managing the factors of influence on the anthropogenic risks of energy production in terms of reducing the rates of accidents and industrial injuries are outlined. On the basis of statistical material, using methods of mathematical approximation, the dependencies of injuries and errors of personnel on their professional experience were obtained. On the basis of the index method, indicators of the reliability of the professional activity of personnel in the operation of the main technological equipment of power facilities were determined. The index of professional success, which considers the professional experience of personnel, is taken as the basis for assessing their professional activity. A method for estimating this index is formed, statistical data on the influence of experience on accidents and injuries in the electric power industry are considered. The authors formulated and solved the problem of finding the numerical values of the index of professional success. The dependencies of the index of professional success on the professional experience of the personnel were obtained, confirmed by statistical data and (indirectly) by earlier studies in the nuclear power industry by scientists of the FBGU SSC FMBC named after. A. I. Burnazyan of the FMBA of Russia. The calculation of the index makes it possible to mathematically correctly solve a more general problem of assessing anthropogenic risks. Formal contradictions between the numerical values of work experience in a position and the number of injuries are considered, statistical data are presented that confirm the theoretical conclusions obtained. The presented classification of personnel errors allows for a deep analysis of their occurrence and management of the process of their prevention. Based on the results of the study, it was concluded that the influence of professional experience on the success of professional activity is proven and countable. It can be assessed by the proposed method for calculating the index of professional success of personnel, which can be mathematically correctly incorporated into the overall structure of anthropogenic risk assessment.

Environmental problems are considered, and the impact of motor vehicles on the environment is assessed. The effects of existing international treaties on changes in the volume of harmful emissions from motor vehicles are considered. The main indicators of the European-Asian energy strategies for the transition to an alternative form of energy - hydrogen -are analyzed. The requirements of the current environmental programs are outlined. The volumes and types of electric vehicles are estimated as an alternative to traditional vehicles based on internal combustion engines, a forecast for the development of sales of electric vehicles is given. The main types of fuel cells and the characteristics of electric vehicles with hydrogen fuel cells are given. The number of operated hydrogen buses in the world and examples of incentive programs are given. As a rationale for the need to use environment-friendly vehicles, air quality indicators in Moscow are given. Information reviews (patents, regulations of the Russian Federation, foreign and Russian publications in peer-reviewed journals, etc.) were used to analyze the existing problems and tasks of developing an electric bus on hydrogen fuel cells (hydrogen bus). In the process of designing a hydrogen bus, the rules and methods for the design and development of automotive equipment at KAMAZ PJSC were applied. Strength calculations and energy consumption calculations were carried out for driving on a city route. The result of the design is a prototype of the Russian KAMAZ-6290 hydrogen bus. A comparative assessment of the operating costs of an electric bus and a hydrogen bus is given in terms of indicators for Moscow, Russia. Further plans and prospects for the development of hydrogen automotive technology in Russia are given. The relevance of the study is confirmed by the growing trend in the share of hydrogen used in various industries.

Issues related to the reliability of the electrical insulation system of high-load powerful turbogenerators with indirect gas cooling are considered and analyzed. The mechanisms of aging of the main components (main insulation, slot filling elements) of the insulation system under operating conditions exposed to electrical and thermal fields, and mechanical forces are studied. Modern ideas about the mechanisms of aging of main insulation and slot filling elements under the action of internal and external impacts (slot and spark discharges) are analyzed. The degradation of insulating materials during operation begins, first of all, in a weak local area of the main insulation, characterized by a large number of technological defects (cavities filled with gas), in which internal partial discharges occur. However, thermosetting insulation of high-voltage electrical machines can function normally throughout its lifetime in the presence of rather intense internal discharges. At the same time, no service life deterioration is observed due to the specific properties of modern main insulation, which contains a mica barrier. The greatest danger is posed by slot partial discharges (SPD) and vibration spark discharges (VS) that occur in the slot area of the stator winding. To reduce the intensity of these discharge processes, it is necessary to optimize the design of the anti-corona coating. On the basis of the performed analysis, a scheme was developed of the aging of the electrical insulation system of the stator winding of air-cooled turbogenerators. Based on the results of prototype tests, an estimated assessment of the "lifetime" of the electrical insulation system of the stator winding, developed using promising electrical insulating materials, was carried out.

Nuclear power represents a wide communication potential and technological capabilities. At the same time, the field of nuclear energy is undergoing a state of crisis that hinders its development. The purpose of the article is to prove the hypothesis that the introduction of a value-based approach to communication management will help overcome existing problems and thereby significantly increase the efficiency of the nuclear industry. The innovative impact of the introduction of the value-based approach in one of the divisions of ROSATOM State Corporation is considered. The concepts of VBA, which are essential for understanding communication management, are described; the main components of the VBA are considered, and the key stages of its implementation in an energy company are outlined. The principles testifying to the correct development of the company after changing the course of communication management based on the approach are given. Based on the results of a comprehensive analysis, estimates of ROSATOM's value-focused activities in the cities of its presence are given: the corporation's value-oriented programs and projects are analyzed, the basics of information and communication policy and top-priority strategic components in the communication management system are formulated. The influence of the VBA, as an innovation, on the reputation of the company and the effectiveness of its activities is revealed. The research methodology contains a set of approaches that have been developed in PR practice, including categorical analysis based on theoretical sources, content analysis of information flows generated by the company, consideration of an example of implemented VBA implementation activities in the company's corporate environment, as well as a heuristic method of participant observation. The considered specific examples of VBA implementation in ROSATOM's fuel division have made it possible to determine the innovative nature and unparalleled impact of this approach at the current stage of civilization development.