Specific features of the technology of preheating hot legs of steam pipelines of intermediate steam overheating at the start-up of SCР power units with single-bypass thermal circuits are presented, with the advantages and disadvantages of various previously used methods of preheating steam pipelines after intermediate steam overheating at the startup of power units at supercritical pressure with a capacity of 250–300 MW considered. The analysis of the conditions for the completion of the heating of these steam pipelines using various process heating arrangements, as well as the heating steam consumption necessary for heating and its sources (special kindling steam by-passes, steam by-passes of own needs, kindling expander and combined heating technology at various intermediate rotational speeds of the turbine rotor) is carried out. The results of computational and experimental studies of the heating processes of steam pipelines during the start-up of SCР power units from various thermal states are presented, nomograms for determining the duration of preheating of mono and double steam pipelines with a capacity of 250–300 MW, developed on the basis of solving the inverse problem of thermal conductivity, are presented. The basis for determining the duration of heating of steam pipelines is the assumption of limited cooling of the medium pressure rotor of the steam turbine as steam is supplied to the same, as well as the temperature of the end section of the steam pipeline, which excludes the formation of condensate and thereby reduces the risk of its removal into the flow part when steam is supplied to the medium pressure cylinder. Two criteria for the termination of heating are determined in the form of an average integral temperature of the middle part of the steam pipeline and the temperature of its end section upstream the steam inlet elements of the medium pressure part. 

The article presents the analysis of the Irkutsk Electric Grid Company activities over the years 2014–2021. The detailed characteristics of the company's balance activities in electric power transmission and its losses are presented, and the failure rate of the company's 0.38 to 500 kV electric networks is considered in detail. The number of failures of electric network elements for each year of the period under consideration, as well as the duration of power supply interruptions are determined. The ratio of self-recovering failures that are self-eliminated after actuation of automatic reclosing (AR) in the total volume of emergency situations has been found. The most characteristic periods of occurrence of the largest number of failures in the electric networks under consideration have been determined. The causes of failures have been considered in detail, and their analysis resulted in establishing that the key causes are the aging and wear and tear of electric network elements. The data are given on the percentage ratio of electric networks of several rated voltage classes, the service life of which exceeded the established normal values. The analysis is performed of the company’s financial expenses on development of electric networks and conformity of the planned measures to the fulfilled investments. It is established that the level of the company’s actual investments significantly exceeds the targets.

The company's policy in reducing electric energy losses through the implementation of organizational and technical measures is analyzed. 

The features of the operation of hydroelectric power plants, which are used to regulate the frequency and power in the power system with a wide range of load variations and with varying degrees of intensity of operation mode variations, are considered. An approach is proposed to assess the impact on the reliability of hydraulic turbine equipment used in these modes. When examining the equipment of existing hydroelectric power plants, it has been revealed that the mode of automatic secondary regulation of frequency and power flows in the power system has the greatest impact on the technical condition of hydraulic turbines. Intense participation in regulation leads to an increase in dynamic loads on the hydraulic unit, loads on the friction pairs of the regulating elements of the turbine compared to the basic, semipeak and peak modes and leads to additional wear, reduced reliability and deterioration of the technical condition of the equipment. The operation in the automatic secondary regulation mode of hydraulic units at different HPPs differs depending on the function performed in the power system. To determine the loading of a hydraulic unit with transient load variation modes during operation in the mode of automatic secondary regulation of frequency and power flows, it is proposed to introduce a parameter characterizing the intensity of operation of hydraulic units of HPP in the aforesaid mode and to take it into account in order to accumulate data on the actual operating modes of hydraulic units and use it in assessing and predicting the technical condition of equipment. 

Russia has announced a DPM-2 programme to modernize old power plant equipment. One of the main areas of modernization is the replacement of some of the equipment while maintaining the foundations, building structures, most of the equipment and piping of the turbine unit. It is common practice to introduce additional equipment, such as control and protection units for electro-hydraulic control systems, as well as new pipework, which leads to problems in the layout of the steam turbine unit.

The oil system is an integral part of the turbine unit. It accounts for a significant proportion of the cell volume of the steam turbine unit layout. This property of the system can be used to solve problems associated with the layout of a steam turbine unit in modernizations. A solution is proposed for redesigned layout of the oil system in the cell by introducing an oil supply module (station) into the structure of the steam turbine unit. As of now, there are no commercially available offers of an oil station with the required oil tank capacity. The oil station module is arranged at places free from equipment of the cell, for example, at the 0.000 elevation or under the upper operating mark near the generator and below the level of turbine unit bearings to enable oil drainage by gravity. The main differences are outlined between the proposed oil station and the existing oil system.

The oil system determines the reliable and trouble-free operation of the steam turbine unit. In order to be able to introduce an oil supply module into operation it is necessary to design the system based on the requirement of maximum reliability. Reliability analysis of oil supply unit has been carried out. The regularities between the designer's decisions and the reliability of the resulting system are revealed. The influence is considered of the oil station components on individual reliability constituents: survivability, durability, fail-safety, maintainability, fire safety. 

Studies were conducted of the heat exchange crisis depending on the coolant excess (which determined the underheating and flow rate), the thermal-physical properties of the heating surface, and the ejection of liquid droplets from the porous structure. A model of dynamics of vapor bubbles born on the solid surface in porous structures and the vapor-generating wall (substrate) has been developed. The model is based on cinematography with an SKS-1M speed camera. The removal of high heat flows (up to 2·106 W/m2) is provided through the joint action of capillary and mass forces with the use of intensifiers. Equations are obtained of critical heat flows through the thermohydraulic characteristics of the boiling process in woven porous structures. The research is of practical importance in the limiting state region of the steam-generating surface protected by cooling from overburning. Three mineral media (tuff, granite, marble) of Zaili and Dzungarian Alatau mountains near the city of Almaty (Kazakhstan) were considered. The method of holographic interferometry was used to study porous thermodynamic screens. The stress and deformed state of the samples was studied. Simulation of the acoustic field of the blast wave with th e thermodynamic field created by three thermal sources has shown its high efficiency. The created powerful thermal screen, due to the generation of strain and thermal stress fields, is an obstacle to the propagation of the reflected blast wave, causing the emergence and development of destructive cracks. Nanoscale and microscale structured surfaces in the form of coatings and mesh structures have been developed, which give an integrated effect of industrial meshes with natural mineral media coatings and have synergistic advantages of combining these two developments in an integrated technology of their production, expansion of critical thermal loads and management of the limiting state of porous coatings.

The scheme of heat supply of residential buildings with independent connection to external heating systems is considered, providing reliability of heat supply and required comfort in indoor premises in case of cold snaps after the official end of the heating season or before its beginning through supplying water from the return main of the heating system after the hot water heat exchangers. It is established that an additional decrease in the temperature of the return network water that occurs in this mode allows in most cases to carry out its primary heating in the lower heater of the condensing turbine without a concomitant increase in fuel consumption and thereby increase the coefficient of its use at the CHPP. The parameters of the main points of the thermodynamic Rankine cycle for the option under consideration are determined through the example of a T-100-130 turbine, a flow diagram of heat carriers is constructed, and calculations are carried out to determine the most important technical and economic indicators of the heat-generating plant of the CHPP in the climatic conditions of Moscow. It is proved that when all heat consumers are connected to the heat network according to the scheme under consideration, the maximum share of usefully used condensation heat under transition conditions for primary heating of supercooled return network water to the level corresponding to the temperature schedule can amount to almost a half, if the structure of the energy balance of consumers corresponds to the one characteristic for residential buildings. It is noted that the implementation of the proposed design of heat points allows to increase the efficiency of the CHPP and (or) the heat supply organization by obtaining additional revenue for the heat extracted from the network wastewater after the hot water heaters, without increasing fuel costs and with minimal capital costs for additional equipment (pump, regulator, frequency-controlled drive). 

This article presents the communication trends in the era of information society through the example of the press service of the PJSC Rosneft Oil Company and describes the anti-crisis management in the fuel and energy sector by developing relationships with the media.

The communication tools for in a state-owned company (including GR technologies), the goals of the information policy of Rosneft and the role of the concept of transparency in anti-crisis management for the fuel and energy company were considered and identified based on the results of comprehensive analysis.

The research methodology is within classical boundaries, with a complete set of established PR practice approaches, including category analysis based on theoretical sources, content analysis of information generated by the company on social media and in other means of mass communication. The author's program for monitoring the information field of Rosneft was incorporated into the management information process.

The results of observing the activities of Rosneft press service in various situations and summarizing specific crisis cases have allowed to form a list of recommendations to ensure the principle of transparency on a wide range of events and the application of a targeted communication strategy in a crisis situation.