The paper is devoted to the topical issue of determining the required total capacity reserve for a given level of adequacy when managing the development and operation of the Unified Electric Power System of the Russian Federation. The problem of reserving energy capacities is, first of all, the problem of ensuring the reliability of energy systems, electrical power supply systems. Whereas the reserves themselves are only one of the ways (though the main one) to ensure reliability, in particular, reliable and high-quality equipment, regular and high-quality repairs, highly professional services, material and financial supply and other measures. In terms of standardization the reliability of power consumption, it is advisable to standardize the adequacy, and not the reserves of generating capacities. This is due both to the generally accepted practice (including foreign ones) and to the fact that the adequacy standard determines both the required reserve of generating capacity and its placement in the system, taking into account the capacity of the ties. However, in this paper, the main emphasis is on the close interdependence between adequacy and total capacity reserve. Obviously, the higher the adequacy, the larger the reserve should be. Based on the requirement to apply one or another adequacy standard, authors offer to assess and calculate the adequacy indices including the probability of failure-free operation. Moreover, the calculated reserve should be considered complete and necessary, but not normative, to maintain the given level of adequacy. The paper analyzes and shows only three calculations on the example of the IPS of Siberia. Multivariate calculations have really shown that analyzing the indicators of adequacy allows you to get not only the required capacity reserve, but also see those territories where it is necessary to take appropriate measures to ensure reliability.

Operation of equipment at facilities of the fuel and energy complex is associated with an increased level of potential hazard of an emergency situation. This is due to the fact that a significant amount of explosive and fi re hazardous substances is used in the technological process. At the same time, the equipment is operated at elevated temperatures and pressures, and many media used for contact with the material have increased corrosive activity. When-ever objects are disrupted at any stage of the emergency development, three most significant adverse contributing factors are fi re hazard, explosion hazard and toxic contamination. According to the current regulatory and technical documents, there are several approaches to identifying these hazards. However, using the results obtained, it is difficult to make decisions or plan actions to reduce the potential hazard of emergency destruction and predict the timing of the critical state of the fuel and energy complex facilities. In this regard, earlier, in order to assess the potential danger of equipment of hazardous industrial facilities, it was proposed to use an integral parameter that reflects all hazard categories calculated according to the existing calculation procedures. However, the calculation of the integral parameter in these works only takes into account the physical nature of the origin of the hazards, while not enabling to assess the current state or to predict the safe operation period. Thus, improvement of the hazard assessment method on the basis of comprehensive analysis of quantitative characteristics of accidents at oil and gas refineries, to be based on a complex integral parameter of potential hazard, taking into account not only the explosion hazard, fi re hazard, and toxic damage, but also the degree of degradation of the material of each equipment, is of particular relevance.

The paper considers the matters of operational reliability of 500 – 220 kV trunk networks of the IPS of South and the impact of connection of new loads. As is shown in part 1 of the paper, at present the operating trunk networks have had the reliability level (the probability of failsafe operation) at 0.980, which corresponds to the duration of emergency conditions of networks at 175 hrs per annum. With the connection of new consumers the load on 500 – 330 kV trunk networks has increased significantly, which has sharply reduced their throughput capacity margin and lowered their operational reliability, particularly at periods of scheduled maintenance work on 500 kV networks. The transfer electric energy and power from the IJS of the South in additional new energy system on existing backbone networks in the range of 800 – 850 MW, especially in the summer (during the maintenance campaigns) significantly reduces their operational reliability considerably to the failsafe operation probability of 0.965. This extends the probable duration of emergency conditions of network up to 30 – 310 hrs a year and may become a source of systemic emergencies, especially in operating modes with scheduled repair of the main 500 kV power transmission lines that would predetermine a decline in the throughput capacity of the network. Loading the 500 – 330 – 220 kV trunk networks to levels close to the limit values in pre-emergency normal operating modes creates additional adverse conditions for their operation, as in these cases emergency shutdowns of even low criticality power transmission lines could stimulate development of systemic emergencies.

An approximate method for calculating the gas and thermodynamic parameters of homogeneously condensing highspeed steam streams is described, including calculation of steam turbines and other power equipment flow sections. The exact calculation of spontaneous condensation, based on the general theory of multiphase flows and the kinetic theory of nucleation in a vapor, takes into account the kinetics of the process, and requires the use of modern, rather complex computer programs. The developed approximate method that takes into account all the fundamental physical features of the real flow makes it possible to determine the flow parameters quite simply, using the results of systematic accurate calculations. In accordance with the actual flow, the current is divided into three regions: total supercooling, condensation front, thermodynamic equilibrium. Calculations in the supercooling region and thermodynamic equilibrium are performed for an isentropically expanding ideal gas with different adiabatic values for each of the values. The end of the supercooling region is determined by the threshold supercooling value, and the beginning of the thermodynamic equilibrium region is determined by the extension of the front itself. The gradient of the channel area expansion and the pressure on the saturation line under isentropic expansion of the flow are chosen as the criteria determining these parameters. The location and extension of the condensation front are determined from generalized diagrams constructed from the results of systematic calculations performed by the «Wet Steam» program complex. The change in the parameters in the condensation front itself is determined from the known gas-dynamic relations for the heat nozzle. A comparison of the exact and approximate calculation with experiment is given, showing the satisfactory accuracy of the method.

The present work is devoted to the calculation and experimental study of the vibrational state of the stator end zone elements at high-power turbogenerators. Due to the design features and operating conditions under the combined effect of temperature and non-stationary electromagnetic fields, the structural elements of the stator end zones at powerful turbo generators are subject to vibration. Excessive levels of the structure vibration lead to the appearance of fatigue cracks in the vibration-loaded elements and their subsequent failure, leading to the stop of the generator and, as a consequence, the whole power unit. In this regard, the creation of a reliable electric machine is an important and urgent scientific and technical task. To solve such problems, various computational and experimental methods are being actively used at present, which are often used independently of each other. A feature of this work is the joint use of modern design and experimental methods for solving the problem of ensuring vibrational reliability of the end zone elements of stators at powerful turbo-generators. The paper considers the use of the method of shock impulses for vibration diagnostics of turbogenerator stators, in order to increase the vibrational reliability. Numerical simulation of the impulse dynamic impact on the end winding element of a powerful turbogenerator is performed. The model comprises a bus holder rigidly fixed on the base of the pressure plate, and an output end with composite insulation. The physical and mechanical properties of insulations are assumed according to results of design and experimental studies. The results of computation studies have made it possible to determine the dependencies of the recorded responses on the location and duration of the impact, and also to select the point of pulse application, depending on the shape of the oscillations. Recommendations for conducting vibration diagnostics by shock pulses have been developed on the example of output busbars of turbo generator stators, which allow to increase the level of received signals and the probability of detecting all forms of oscillations in the required frequency range.

Physico-chemical analysis of transformer oils is a reliable tool that allows to increase the efficiency of regeneration works: to control the technological cycle, to determine the point of procedures completion during repair work. Correct choice of control parameters with subsequent development of methods for their quick analysis will allow to transfer physico-chemical control from stationary laboratories directly to the site of repair work (in the field), which will improve the quality and efficiency of repair activities. Mineral transformer oil is an important element of oil-filled equipment, affecting both its reliability and durability. The most important performance characteristics of transformer oil are chemical stability and chemical resistance. It has been proved that the Acid Value indicator is a key quality indicator which allows indirectly to assess the change in / deterioration of the above properties of oil, and oil resource. The task is set to develop a quick analysis of the Acid Value indicator. During the implementation of the pilot experiment, it was suggested to use a mixed indicator, and its effective application was demonstrated in the developed quick method. Based on research, an algorithm was developed for preparation and carrying out the quick analysis of Acid Value, and the criteria were outlined for estimating the results of Acid Value semiquantitative measurement with the use of the quick method. In the course of experimental measurements of the Acid Value with the use of the quick method, the colour component composition of reaction solutions in test tubes was evaluated during a neutralization reaction using the «Цветоанализатор ColorAnalyzer» software according to the RGB model. The dependence of the change in the colour pattern on the quantitative content of acids (the measured Acid Value) in the analysed RGB model was demonstrated on a petal diagram.

This paper analyzes the use of a highly effective film unit for water purification from dissolved corrosive gases, in order to increase the resource efficiency and reliability of various equipment using water circulation systems at industrial plants and thermal power plants. The unit consists of a vertical bundle of tubes contained in tube grids and operates in the upward co-current gas and liquid in a pipe. The gas moves at a speed of 10 – 30 m/s (strong interaction of phases) and carries a liquid film from the bottom up. In this mode, there is a significant intensification of heat and mass transfer (5 – 15 times) in comparison with counter current. In addition, the inner surface of the tubes may have artificial discrete roughness (rectangular projections), which further increases the effectiveness of the processes. The paper presents the mathematical model and the efficiency calculation results for a film contact device with rough walls at strong phase interaction. The mathematical description is based on the models of the flow structure and the diffusion boundary layer. Expressions are given for calculating the mass transfer coefficient in a turbulent film with co-current gas, as well as parameters of the flow structure model in a contact tube. The main parameters of the equation for calculation of the mass transfer coefficient are the dynamic friction velocity on the interfacial film surface and the dimensionless thickness of the viscous sublayer. The dynamic speed is calculated using the equation of balance of forces in the contact tube, and the dimensionless thickness of the viscous sublayer-based on the known values on the plate adjusted for the phase interaction conditions. The cell model of the flow structure is used, and an expression is obtained for calculating the concentration profile of gas dissolved in water at the height of the pipes. The paper also presents an expression to calculate the number of cells in a complete mixing. The paper presents the calculated and experimental dependences of decarbonization efficiency for tubes with smooth and rough walls. The influence of spacing between roughness elements (projections) on water purification efficiency is shown. Conclusions are made about the design of a unit with a rising film at higher concentrations of dissolved gases in the water.

Recycling of ash and slag produced by coal-fi red thermal power plants is a problem of all countries that use coal for energy purposes. In Russia, 20% of electric energy is produced by thermal power plants that burn coal. According to the ‘Energy Strategy of Russia for the period until 2030’ that part is not going to be reduced. Globally, ash dumps have accumulated more than 1.5 – 2 billion tons of ash and slag waste (ASW) to date. In Russia, ash dumps cover an area of almost 28 thousand hectares. At the same time, less than 8% of the annual ASW output is recycled and reused (30 to 50 million tons). The cost of the ASW handling is 5 – 7% of the total net price of the energy produced by thermal power plants. Currently there are several methods to recycle the ASW that consider their physical and chemical properties, peculiarities of forming and stockpiling, needs and possibilities for recycling technogenic raw materials. The market of special purpose machines off ers ranges of relevant equipment, new factories and companies ready to recycle ASW are being created. This leads to a multivariate problem of choosing the optimal way to recycle the waste. Since the 1970s, the analytic hierarchy process developed by the US mathematician T. Saaty has been used to solve problems of choosing a strategy out of a number of alternative options. This paper is devoted to application of the Saaty process to selection of a method for recycling ash and slag materials produced by Novocherkassk power plant.

The article is devoted to a problem of planning of tests' amounts of the completing components of the heat power equipment on a test phase of prototypes. The existing methods of test planning belong to large-lot products and mass production when it is possible to deliver a large number of elements on tests; in hydromechanical systems in case of testing new samples of multiplexing, valves, bearings, etc. The feature of the completing components of the heat power equipment is that they represent the devices consisting of set of elements of mechanical, electronic, hydraulic, pneumatic and other type, for example, turbines, bearings, generators, an oil system, steam lines, etc. The listed devices are expensive and therefore the existing methods of planning of test amounts demand specification. The condition of restorability of the examinee of a prototype after refusal by the carried out constructive completions is the basis for the offered method of planning of tests amounts. In this case the risk of the developer (manufacturer) is accepted close to zero α = 0,00001. Completion is considered effective if the carried-out tests at the stand in the same volume, as before completion, are successful. Thus, the novelty of the offered method of planning of test amounts allows to receive on one or two prototypes the required output characteristics, for example, reliability, safety, etc. In this article the methods of planning of test amounts for various laws of distribution of function of reliability are considered. In a particular, methods of planning of volume of tests for the law of distribution of function of reliability of a continuous random variable in the form of normal and exponential laws. In this article the formulas of test amounts for two set reliability indicator levels are given.

There are 22 power units with T-250/300-23,5 turbines in Russia: 19 power units at CHPPs in Moscow and 3 power units at CHPPs in St. Petersburg. The total specified service life of a steam turbine is at least 40 years, therefore, the turbines produced in the 1970s already need to be replaced, reconstructed or modernized. The technical policy adopted by Gazprom Energoholding LLC and Mosenergo PJSC does not present any solutions for replacement of the said turbines and units. This made it difficult to choose an option for replacing a decommissioned turbine of power unit No. 9 of CHPP-22, Mosenergo PJSC. CHPP-22 is the only CHPP in the Moscow region, capable of burning natural gas and pulverized coal. The plant plans to replace the T-250/300-23,5 turbine with the turbine-entry steam temperature and the reheat temperature of 540/540°С with a T-295/335-23,5 turbine with the turbine-entry steam temperature and the reheat temperature of 565/565°С. The equipment reconstruction contract does not involve any update of the steam generator used at the power unit or carrying out works to reduce emissions from the combustion of pulverized coal. This will make it impossible for the unit to operate at higher steam temperature, and there will be no possibility to switch from natural gas to pulverized-coal fuel; it will only be possible to use natural gas. The adopted version of the reconstruction of power unit No. 9 of CHPP-22, Mosenergo PJSC will lead to increased costs of the power unit equipment reconstruction, which may lead to increased tariff s for electricity and heat supply. It is necessary to quickly come up with an effective way to upgrade T-250/300-23,5 turbines and units using those, and to submit a solution for a comprehensive discussion with the participation of the interested national scientific community.

Moisture separator-reheaters (MSR) are designed to separate the moisture from steam and its subsequent overheating. The design moisture of the steam after drying in the MSR separator should not be more than 1%, however, in operation it exceeds this level, which affects the efficiency and reliability of the turbine. In connection with the expiry of the design lifetime, the SPP-220M and the SPP-1000 devices require replacement or modernization. The structures of SPP-220М and SPP-1000 are unified with SPP-500-1, and all these devices have common advantages and disadvantages. It is noted that the leading foreign companies that supply the MSR to NPPs are also working to improve their devices. The experience of the German company Balcke Durr, which took part jointly with JSC «NPO CKTI» in the modernization of SPP-500-1 at nuclear power plants in Russia, as well as independently in the project of modernization of the MSR at the Loviisa NPP in Finland, is presented. The results of the development of JSC «NPO CKTI» on the modernization of an SPP-220M for the power unit with a VVER-440 and an SPP-1000 reactor for the power unit with a VVER-1000 reactor are presented. The projects are executed on the basis of JSC «NPO CKTI»’s own experience and taking into account the experience of joint development with the Balcke Durr firm. The projects are designed taking into account the following conditions: new devices are installed on existing foundations; devices are fi t into the old dimensions; the location of connecting flanges allows to keep the existing pipelines. The design basis for the project included a computational experiment based on an MSR model developed by the authors, as well as thermal hydraulics calculations. Numerical simulation allowed to optimize the design of separation units. Thermohydraulic calculations made it possible to optimize the superheater design. Based on the calculation results, it is shown that the modernization of the apparatus will allow to dry the wet steam at 0.6%, to lower the hydraulic resistance along the wet steam path by 26% for the SPP-220M and 36% for the SPP-1000, and to reduce the weight of the apparatus by 12%. Recommendations are proposed for the modernization of existing and the creation of promising structures for MSR.